H5650. ebed

I. עֶ֫בֶד‎₇₉₉ noun masculine slave, servant (on formation Lag^{BN 77}); — ׳ע‎ Genesis 9:25 +, עָ֑בֶד‎ 44:10 +; suffix עַבְדִּי‎ 26:24 +; עַבְדְּךָ‎ 19:19 +; עַבְדֶּ֫ךָ‎ 18:3 +; plural עֲבָדִים‎ 9:25 +, עַבְדֵי‎ 21:25 +, suffix עֲבָדַי‎ Leviticus 25:42 +, עַבְדֵיכֶם‎ Joshua 9:11 +, etc.; —

1 slave, servant of household Genesis 39:17, 19; 41:12; 50:2; Exodus 21:2 +; man-servant, "" אמה‎ 20:10; Leviticus 25:6; Deuteronomy 5:14; Job 31:13 +; "" שׁפחה‎ Genesis 12:16; 32:6; Jeremiah 34:11; Isaiah 14:2 +; + אדון‎ Deuteronomy 23:16; Isaiah 24:2; Malachi 1:6 +; כֶּסֶף מִקְנַת‎ Exodus 12:44 or בַּיִת יְלִיד‎ Jeremiah 2:14; עֲבָדִים עֶבֶד‎ servant of servants, humblest servant, Genesis 9:25; עֲבָדִים בֵּית‎ house of slaves, especially Israel in Egypt Exodus 13:3, 14 (D ?) Deuteronomy 5:6; 6:12; 7:8; 8:14; 13:6; 13:11; Joshua 24:17; Judges 6:8; Jeremiah 34:13; Micah 6:4; ב(ארץׅ מצרים היית עבד כי וזכרת‎ and thou shalt remember that thou wast a slave in (the land of) Egypt Deuteronomy 5:15; 15:15; 16:12; 24:18, 22; king of Babylon is slave to ׳י‎ Jeremiah 25:9; 27:6; 43:10; the borrower to the lender Proverbs 22:7; figurative of beast Job 40:28; of things Genesis 47:19.

2 Subjects, of chief Genesis 26:15, 19, 25, 32; 27:37; 32:17 (twice in verse) +; of king 21:25; Exodus 7:28; Exodus 7:29; 1 Kings 9:27; Deuteronomy 29:1 +; vassal kings 2 Samuel 10:19; tributary nations 8:2, 6, 14 = 1 Chronicles 18:2, 6, 13; specifically officers of king 1 Samuel 19:1; 21:8; 2 Samuel 11:13; Proverbs 14:35 +; פַרְעֹה עַבְדֵי‎ Genesis 40:20; 41:10; ׳ע שָׁאוּל‎ 1 Samuel 16:17; 18:22; 28:7; ׳ע הַמֶּלֶךְ‎ 1 Kings 1:47; Esther 3:3 +; הַמֶּלֶךְ עֶבֶד‎ 2 Kings 22:12 2 Chronicles 34:20 (a court offical); opposed to שַׂר‎ Proverbs 19:10; Ecclesiastes 10:7; מֶלֶךְ‎ Proverbs 30:22; ambassadors Numbers 22:18; 2 Samuel 10:2; soldiers of army 1 Samuel 17:8; 25:10; 2 Samuel 2:12, + officers of army 1 Samuel 29:3; 1 Kings 11:26; 2 Kings 25:8; Isaiah 36:9.

3 Servants, worshippers, of God: יהוה עַבְדֵי‎ 2 Kings 9:7; 10:23; Isaiah 54:17, compare Genesis 50:17; Isaiah 56:6; עֲבָדָיו‎ Deuteronomy 32:36 = Psalm 135:14; Isaiah 65:15; 66:14; Psalm 34:23; Psalm 69:37; Nehemiah 2:20; "" עַמּוֺ‎ Psalm 105:25 compare Deuteronomy 32:43; עֲבָּדַי‎ Isaiah 65:8-9, 13 (twice in verse); Isa 69:13; Isa 69:14; עֲבָדֶיךָ‎ 1 Kings 8:23; Isaiah 63:17 ("" נחלתך שִׁבְטֵי‎), Psalm 89:51; 90:13; 90:16; 102:15; Psalm 102:29; 119:91; 79:2; 79:10 ("" חֲסִידֶיךָ‎); delivered from Egypt Leviticus 25:42, 55 (twice in verse); 26:13 (P); עַבְדְּךָ‎ Psalm 119:125; 143:2, "" בֶּןאֲֿמָתֶ֑ךָ‎ 86:16; 116:16 (twice in verse); specifically angels Job 4:18; and ancient worthies, patriarchs Exodus 32:13 (J) Deuteronomy 9:27; Abraham Genesis 26:24 (J) Psalm 105:6; 105:42; Isaac Genesis 24:14 (J); Jacob, Israel Ezekiel 28:25; 37:25; 1 Chronicles 16:13; Moses Exodus 14:31; Joshua 18:7 (J) Numbers 12:7-8, (E) Deuteronomy 34:5 (?) Joshua 1:1-2, 7, 13, 15; 8:31, 33; 9:24; 11:12, 15; 12:6 (twice in verse); 13:8; 14:7; 22:2, 4, 5 (all D), 1 Kings 8:53, 56; 2 Kings 18:12; 21:8; 1 Chronicles 6:34; 2 Chronicles 1:3; 24:6, 9; Nehemiah 1:8; 9:14; 10:30; Psalm 105:26; Malachi 3:22; Daniel 9:11; Joshua Joshua 24:29 (E) Judges 2:8; Caleb Numbers 14:24 (J); Job Job 1:8; 2:3; 42:7-8, (3 t. in verse); David 2 Samuel 3:18; 7:5, 8, 26 27t.; Hezekiah 2 Chronicles 32:16; Zerubbabel Haggai 2:23; Eliakim Isaiah 22:20. — The צֶמַח‎ Zechariah 3:8; compare 6:12 is also servant of ׳י‎ as Messianic builder of temple (see Br^{MP 442 ff}).

4 Servant of ׳י‎, in a special sense: of Levitical singers using benedictions in temple Psalm 113:1; 134:1; 135:1; usually of prophets, הַנְּבִיאִים עֲבָדַי‎ my servants the prophets 2 Kings 9:7; 17:13; Jeremiah 7:25; 26:5; 29:19; 35:15; 44:4; Ezekiel 38:17; Zechariah 1:6; הַנְּבִיאִים עֲבָדָיו‎ 2 Kings 17:23; 21:10; 24:2; Jeremiah 25:4; Amos 3:7; Daniel 9:10; הנביאים עֲבָדֶיךָ‎ Ezra 9:11; Daniel 9:6; specifically Ahia 1 Kings 14:18; 15:29; Elijah 2 Kings 9:36; 10:10; Jonah 14:25; Isaiah Isaiah 20:3; עַבְדּוֺ‎, "" מלאכיו‎ 44:26; as one calling to fear ׳י‎ 50:10.

5 Israel as a people is servant of יִשְׂרָאֵל ׳׃י‎ Isaiah 41:8-9, 44:21 (twice in verse); 49:3; Psalm 136:22; יעקב‎ Isaiah 44:1; 44:2; 45:4; 48:20; Jeremiah 30:10; 46:27; Jeremiah 47:28; עַבְדִּי‎ = יהוה עֶבֶד‎, "" מַלְאָכִי‎, as having a mission to the nations Isaiah 42:19 (twice in verse); and chosen as witness of ׳י‎ 43:10. But there is also an ideal servant chosen and endowed with the divine Spirit to be a covenant of Israel and a light of the nations 42:1 (compare 42:2-6); formed to bring back Jacob, raise up the tribes, and become salvation to the end of the earth 49:5-6, 7; bearing the sins of all as a lamb and a trespass-offering, and yet prospering and justifying many as interposing martyr 52:13; 53:11: many understand of ideal Israel, contrasted with the actual; al. of personified "" with Zion the wife and mother, distinguished from unworthy Israel as Zion from her apostate children; al. of ideal prophetic writer; al. of ideal prophetic person; al. (especially in Isaiah 53) of an actual prophecy known to writer and his readers; [in any case it is Messianic, see Matthew 8:16-17, 12:16-21; Luke 4:17-22; Philippians 2:5-11]; see De^{Isa ii. 174} Da^{Expos. 1884, 358 ff.} Di Du Che and others on Isaiah 42; Isaiah 53, Dr^{Is 168 ff.} Br^{MP 345 ff.}, also Gie^{Beitr. 146 ff.} Berthol^{Isaiah 53}.

6 In polite address of equals or superiors the Hebrews used עַבְדְּךָ‎ thy servant = 1 person singular, I, Genesis 18:3; 1 Samuel 20:7-8, (twice in verse); 2 Kings 8:13 +; עֲבָדֶיךָ‎ thy servants = we Genesis 42:11; Isaiah 36:11; also עַבְדּוֺ‎ his servant = I, 1 Samuel 26:18-19, 2 Samuel 14:22; 24:21 +; also in addressing God, especially in prayer Exodus 4:10; Numbers 11:11; Judges 15:18; 1 Samuel 3:9-10, 25:39; 2 Samuel 24:10; Psalm 19:12; 19:14; 27:9; 31:17; 35:27; 69:18; 109:28; 143:2 +.

7 Phrases are: עבד‎ (היה‎), with לְ‎ person, become servant to Genesis 9:26-27, 44:10, 16, 17, 33; 47:19, 26 (J) Deuteronomy 6:21; 15:17; 2 Samuel 8:14; 2 Kings 17:3; 24:1; 1 Chronicles 18:2, 6, 13; 2 Chronicles 10:7; Proverbs 11:29; 12:9; 22:7; לעבד היה‎, with לְ‎ person, Genesis 44:9 (J) 50:18 (E) 1 Samuel 8:17; 17:9 (twice in verse); 27:12; 2 Samuel 8:2, 6; Jeremiah 34:16; לעבדים כבשׁ‎2 Chronicles 28:10; Nehemiah 5:5; Jeremiah 34:11; לע ׳לקח‎ Genesis 43:18 (J) 2 Kings 4:1; Job 40:28.